1. Lookout
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper lookout by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and assess the risk of any collision.
It is the responsibility of the master of the craft to maintain a proper all round lookout that extends to the back of the craft.
2. Safe speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that proper and effective action can be taken to avoid collision and so that the vessel can be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
There is no definite safe speed that can be defined in knots as it is subjected to different conditions such as:
• Weather
• Visibility
• Manoeuvrability of craft
• Master’s experience
• Density of traffic
3. Risk of collision
Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if there is a risk of collision. If there is any doubt, such risk shall be deemed to exist.
Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of any risk of a collision.
Assumptions should not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
In determining if a risk of collision exists, the following considerations shall be taken into account:
• Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.
• Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident. This is particularly so when approaching a very large vessel or a tow, or when approaching a vessel at close range.
4. Action to avoid collision
Any action taken to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules in this section and shall, if the circumstances of the case allow, be positive, made in ample time and observance of good seamanship. Valuable time can be wasted whilst mariners on vessels approaching each other try to make contact on VHF radio instead of complying with the COLREG.
Any alteration of course or speed to avoid a collision should, if the circumstances of the case allow, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar. It is best to avoid a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed.
If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarter situation provided that the action is taken in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.
Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel should be such as to result in the ability for the other vessel to pass at a safe distance.
The effectiveness of the action must be carefully monitored until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
If necessary to avoid collision or to allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel may slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her propulsion system.
A vessel cannot impede the passage – and safe passage - of another vessel. It is also obliged, when the circumstances of the case dictate, to take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. required
A vessel’s obligation to not impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel persists when approaching another vessel. To uphold this obligation, it must take action to avoid a risk of collision.
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l must also full uphold the rules of conduct as set down in this section even when passage of another vessel is not impeded when approaching another vessel.
5. Overtaking
• A vessel overtaking any other vessel must stay out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
• A vessel can be overtaken on either of its sides provided the overtaking vessel stay well clear of the other vessel. Continue to monitor the other vessel that you have overtaken and ensure that you do not cut in front of its bow.
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6. Head-on situations
When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision, both vessels must alter their course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
When there is doubt about whether two vessels are approaching head-on or nearly head-on, it should be assumed that this is the case and both vessels must alter course to starboard.
Any alteration should be large enough so that it is apparent to the other vessel.
7. Crossing situations
This situation would frequently arise and it is always better to avoid a close-quarter situation and go right around the stern of the other vessel rather than cross ahead of the other vessel. Going around the stern may not be practical at all times but if the situation permits, it should be implemented.
Any alteration should be large enough so that it is apparent to the other vessel.
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8. Action by give-way vessel
A vessel that has been directed to keep out of the way of another vessel must, as far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Do not wait till the last minute to take action!
9. Action by stand-on vessel
When one of two vessels has been designated to keep out of the way, the other vessel shall maintain her course and speed. The stand-on vessel may however take action to avoid collision by manoeuvring as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with the rules set down here.
10. Sailing vessels
In order to avoid the risk of a collision, when two sailing vessels are approaching one another, one of them must keep out of the way of the other as follows: When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel that has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other; When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel that is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel that is to leeward;
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